Direct and Indirect E � ects
نویسنده
چکیده
The direct eeect of one event on another can be deened and measured by holding constant all intermediate variables between the two. Indirect eeects present conceptual and practical diiculties (in nonlinear models), because they cannot be isolated by holding certain variables constant. This paper presents a new way of deening the eect transmitted through a restricted set of paths, without controlling variables on the remaining paths. This permits the assessment of a more natural type of direct and indirect eects, one that is applicable in both linear and nonlinear models and that has broader policy-related interpretations. The paper establishes conditions under which such assessments can be estimated consistently from experimental and non-experimental data, and thus extends path-analytic techniques to nonlinear and nonparametric models.
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